The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1463 Words

The Great Gatsby? People hear this title and think of the movie, the movie that got 351 dollars worldwide. The movie directed by Buz Luhrmann and the movie with a story line that follows a book. What book? Of course it has the same title. Written in 1925 by F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† the book has have been people reading the novel to this day. In the book, there are so many layers that need to be peeled in order to analysis the deeper meanings of the book. psychoanalysis therorism does prove out how unconscious behaviors caused characters like Gatsby to drive to bigger goals destructively because of the past, also by what method defenses such as selective perception, selective memory and denial played a part in the book when†¦show more content†¦Out of all the characters, the one and only Jay Gatsby drive for many desires to satisfy himself. First of he was born poor, never fit in with old money as he wanted. Brought up poor, he didn’t get wha t others did like a good reputation. This drove him crazy, he lead to being partners with Wolfshiem and became part of illegal business. At the end of the novel when someone calls nick thinking it was Gatsby the man says â€Å"Young Parke’s in trouble,† he said rapidly. â€Å"They picked him up when he handed the bonds over the counter. They got a circular from New York giving ’em the numbers just five minutes before. What d’you know about that, hey? You never can tell in these hick towns——† (Fitzgerald 174). Plus, when Nick tried to get in contact with Wolfshiem, there was no contact information and criminals never wanted to be reached out that easily. This is proof that Gatsby did some illegal things to get the wealth he had. He was motivated to not be the person he was as a kid, he took extreme measures to become the exact opposite. In the past Gatsby was poor and nothing compared to Tom, he knew he wouldn’t have been able t o take care of Daisy which made him drive for higher dreams. He bought expensive cars, a mansion across from Daisy, servants, land all that to impress his love. He didn’t care if Daisy fell in love with him and cheated on her husband, he would anything even illegally to get the money and supplies to get Daisy back. Another part of psychoanalysis therorism

psychology and learning Essay - 1182 Words

There are many different kinds of ways that people and animals learn. People can adjust the way they learn to the different situations in which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Learning may occur in different ways. Psychologists have distinguished between different types of learning, these being Observational Learning and Insight Learning. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Classical conditioning refers to a simple form of learning, which occurs through the repeated association of two or more different stimuli. Learning is†¦show more content†¦And example of operant conditioning is the training of rats to press a lever in order to obtain a food reward. The pressing of the lever (conditioned response) is associated with the food reward (unconditioned stimulus). After a training period, the rat will show the conditioned response of pressing the lever even without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus of the food. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Observational learning occurs when a person or an animal uses observation of another’s actions and their consequences to guide their own future actions. The person being observed is referred to as a model. For this reason observational learning is also referred to as modeling. Observational learning involves four stages, attention, retention, reproduction and motivation-reinforcement. Attention is when the learner observers the actions of the model (The higher the status of the model the more attention the learner will pay and the closer their imitations will be to the models actions). Retention is when the learner retains in their memory what they have just observed. Reproduction is when the learner will reproduce or imitate the actions of the model that they have just observed. Reproduction is when the learner reproduces or imitates what they have just observed. Motivation-reinforcement can come in various ways. External reinforcement, through praise for doing something well, self-reinforcement, through theShow MoreRelatedPsychology of Learning3059 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING Learning is a process that depends on experience and leads to long-term changes in behavior potential.  Behavior  potential designates the possible behavior of an individual, not actual behavior. The main assumption behind all learning psychology is that the effects of the environment, conditioning, reinforcement, etc. provide psychologists with the best information from which to understand human behavior. 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Knowledge Management System Studies

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Management System Studies. Answer: Introduction The essay looks into the application of various KM strategies in management where the focus is on the effective application of Knowledge Management in various circumstances of business management for the most effective output of the practice. The key areas mentioned in the article and the outcomes of the application of the Knowledge Management techniques are discussed as well. The case also looks into the outcomes of the application of the techniques whereby this essay compares the Knowledge Management systems to the concepts gathered during classwork and further research as represented in the literature review section. According to information on the case study paper, The successful application of knowledge management necessitates the interaction within multi-disciplinary projects (e.g. groups of people working on issues related to standardization) and distributed decision-making processes as basic requirements, (Ruiz, Kamsu-Foguem, Noyes, 2013, p. 172). The factors that determine the effectiveness of KMS include technology, strategy, politics, leadership and management, organizational culture, and organizational processes. The case is a study of the application of effective Knowledge Management (KM) systems in the industrial sector and the subsequent collaboration of the experts involved in maintenance. Such an effective collaboration is studied, taking into consideration the use of various tools of artificial intelligence for an effective knowledge sharing and solutions through the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). The scenario is divided into five sections. The first part is the introduction, the second part is the discussion of KM as a concept and various techniques involved in KM, and the third part is the proposed approach of the research that discusses the concepts of collaborative maintenance management. The fourth part details the case of the application problem solving that is collaborative in a maintained system from a specific scenario. The fifth part is the discussion of the challenges and the future solutions to such problems. From my assessment, the company applies the Bukowitz Williams Model which explains the process framework where the organization generates the correct knowledge stock with the aim of expansion and maintenance of the purpose of value creation.(Haslinda Sarinah, 2009). The industrial sector deals with diverse environments, various technological evolutions, Information Technology (IT), and the technical help. The need for a team with various skills sets for the management and maintenance of plants including installations that requires careful consideration in the selection and combination of the best skill set. The team must also be positioned in the best possible way to ensure they constantly upgrade their knowledge and skills as the time passes because of the dynamic nature of the current markets, technology, and market(Ibrahim, 2012). The case looks into the necessity of the use of KM by the consideration of multi-disciplinary interactions. The collection of all the relevant information regarding the situations and organization is a vital point needs to be considered prior to the implementation of the change strategies. The selection of the best experts for same achievement requires an expert approach that includes expert application of KM. It also discusses the management of the knowledge of multiple experts and the making of decisions using collaborative approaches such as Transferable Belief Model (TBM). The use of Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) that mainly focuses on addressing new solutions on the basis of decisions made in relation to similar issues in the past is the third element argued in this case study. Literature Review of the selected Theme The delivery of the right knowledge at the right time and making sure it goes to the right person constitute the main definition of KMS(Frost, 2017). Although it sounds simple, it is a detailed process that depends on the corporate strategy of the company in focus. Knowledge management is not a requirement applied for the sake of it. There is a general agreement that effective KM strategies could lead to a company better ability to achieve its goals and objectives. The KM strategy, for instance, depends on the corporate strategy. The interaction within the organization also determines the spread and understanding of knowledge where the culture and politics determine whether the staff adopts the progress and related changes towards the achievement of better KMS(Assegaff Hussin2, 2012). Effective and sustainable KM is the result of a sophisticated and competent leadership. The organizational culture determines the challenges experienced in keeping the staff motivated to move fast enou gh in order to keep up with the external changes such as competition and technology (Chmielewska-Muciek Sitko-Lutek, 2013; Chang Lin, 2015). Abdelrahman Papamichail (2016) claim that Knowledge Management covers the entire system of management within a company towards the achievement of maximum where the tools and techniques, models and processes, organizational learning, knowledge sharing and trust, communities of practice, the application of knowledge for innovative purposes, the creation of new knowledge, knowledge management and organizational memory, and knowledge management organizational culture play an important role in regards to the creation of an all-round organization that is successful in its style of management. Studies indicate that KM is multi-faceted and always customized to the industry or the company situation; the availability of effective intranet search engines, whose complexities vary based on the company current data system, the type of industry, and the size of the company, is considered as an essential necessity to gain an effective KM (Matayong Mahmood, 2013; Gunasekeran Ngai, 2007). Effective search engines provide all marketing reports, human resource databases, customer information, patent records, and product data sheets. The availability and accessibility of company information highly depends on proper storage, labeling of information content as well as the availability of effective intranet search engines. Thus, all the content of the company would be easily accessible and comprehensive upon identification(Bhat Shaffi, 2014). In addition to, there is the second requirement which is the classification and accessibility of company information and knowledge. Ravi S. Sharma Morales-Arroyo (2008) state that accuracy and customization of the various taxonomies are profound factors leading to an easy access of such information. The coding system is another significant requirement that must be understood throughout the company since it is likely to reduce the instances of stranded parties during the times of need for such information (Pee Kankanhalli, 2010; Al-Shammari, 2010). Entity extraction and the analysis of customer feedback bring in new knowledge about the state of the company and the areas that need change in the most honest form. To expand it more, entity extraction ensures that the unstructured data that exists within the organization is well structured for effective data processing procedures(Expert System Semantic Intelligencee, 2017). A Critical Discussion and a Review of the KMS The ideal KMS enhances the competitive advantage of a company as well as its efficiency in the implementation of tasks. The tools and techniques applied in the case study include a Rapid Evidence Review (RER) of the scenario both before and during the activity of the implementation of the analysis of the industry. The knowledge banks have also been discussed prior to the case; there is an evidence to prove the effectiveness of the search for the required information from the classified information. The information exists in taxonomies were pre-prepared to provide an easy access. Based on the taxonomy, there is an identification of faults and the subsequent proposal of solutions to those investigated problems. The case study does not provide any application of the KM tools and techniques for knowledge sharing as there is only the discussion of existing experts. There is an additional consideration of similar past problems, the approaches used in their solutions, and the relevance of s uch approaches in the current scenarios. The company under analysis indicates the comprehensive use of the tactical and strategic approaches where the tactical approach is more obvious as the result of the company response to the market(Frost, Three KM Models, 0212). Vasconcelos, Kimbled, Carreteiro Rocha (2017) argue that the technology, processes, and the workflow are precisely represented in the application of the KM tools and techniques; the smoothness of the whole process significantly impact on the development and maintenance of the information and the related software. The lessons learned are recorded and the achievement laid out when the problem with the equipment and the collaboration of various parties was identified and analyzed. However, the scenario in the case study is unique since it mainly emphasizes more on the equipment at fault as opposed to the focus on the entire organization including the staff. A Review of the KMS The maintenance has a multidisciplinary problem-solving approach that uses various expertise to ensure the best outcome for the decisions made on the company. The approach gives them the opportunity to give diverse opinions about the possible solutions. One of the most valuable organizational resources is knowledge. It gives the organization a competitive advantage and a strategic perspective of the nature of events within the company and the industry. Knowledge loss comes as a result of employee turnover, crash of systems, outsourcing, and resignations. However, factors such as outsourcing can be resourceful in the discovery of the information gaps A clear understanding of the contextual situations gives clear information of the root of a problem. The knowledge base depends on the structure of the base of the storage of such knowledge and information, which determines the retrieval process. Inquiries, clarifications and working with outsourced contractors becomes easier where there is a solid knowledge base and an orderly information structure. It is very important to plan in advance and summarize the analysis of the problem to decide what needs to be done. Afterward, the comparison of what actually happens with the planned process is crucial for the record of the lessons learned. This could also contribute to the maintenance of better practices and processes that should be adopted in the case of a similar situation in the future(Leask, Lee, Milner, Norton, Rathod, 2008). Knowledge Storage Retrieval The activities involved in the storage and retrieval of knowledge within an organization include the classification of information and equipment where the different classifications of knowledge are encoded and stored in a given structure into the memory of the organization. The must-have applications of KM consist of intranet search engines, the organized classification of documents to display a known taxonomy, entity extraction, and the analysis of customer feedback(Arisha Ragab, 2013). The case study demonstrates a complete KMS because the logical classification and storage of organizational knowledge and information makes the retrieval process relatively easy. There is a creation of taxonomy of the functionality of the equipment whose information on details goes beyond the sub-class relationships (180). Taking the case into consideration, the maintained system begins with the domain ontology that comprises of machine classification in the order of their functionality. The next step in the domain ontology is the classification of the machines according to their types which are classified into hydraulic, mechanical, electronic, electrical, and pneumatic. There is an addition of classification concepts on the basis of symptoms, concepts, and status of the machines and their relevant components,(Ruiz, Kamsu-Foguem, Noyes, 2013, p. 179). Knowledge application is referred to the integration of knowledge among different experts for the implementation of organizational processes. According to the case of the industry, there is an integration of the skills among the three experts (E 1, E 2, and E 3) from different fields. E 1 and E 3 are the members of the same domain whereas E 2 belongs to a different one; they are involved in the hypothesis of the machines for the identification of possible causes of the problems. The experts are subjected to analyze where the validity of their coordination is determined by the similarity threshold of their hypothesis on the machines. The solution-building process for the scenario using case 5 reveals a solution suggestion where the suggestion must be flexible enough to be incorporated into different scenarios and to fit the suggestion of each of the different professionals. The combination is both conjunctive and disjunctive for Evidence of Knowledge Transfer Knowledge transfer that constitutes the transfer of knowledge to achievement set of goals among individuals, groups, departments, and organizations could be observed in the discussion of the maintenance problem with several other departments in order to integrate all the relevant expertise. The two departments stated in this case are the Quality department and the maintenance department. The combination of different and different departments carries out the extent of complementary element of the professionals in the various departments to bring the maintenance back on its feet. The maintenance consists of multiple experts whereby some are outsourced since the company has collaborations with other companies for the expertise (Ruiz, Kamsu-Foguem, Noyes, 2013). The extent of knowledge presentation makes it easy for external parties such as partners to understand the concept of the knowledge information accurately to avoid misunderstandings. Previously used information is easily accessible and the level of organization high as seen in the analysis method where the information about the systems and problems of the company is presented in an orderly manner. The previous records and analyses are also available for use to classify the various taxonomies represented in the analysis tables. There is a process in which the analysis of the root cause is done by experts and industry analysis mainly includes the combination of subjective expert opinions and more objective results obtained from the validation of the experts hypothesis. According to the case, the industry applies a multi-disciplinary approach to remove the maintenance problem. Conclusion To sum up, the elements of KMS applied in various companies are different from one another depending on the industry and the nature of the company. The determination of the KM process framework to be used within a given setting is influenced by two vital factors such as the leadership and management as well as the culture of that particular company. The approaches applied in the company under analysis are comprehensive and responsive to the market, maintaining the competitive position of the company. There is the application of tactical and strategic approaches and the clear organization of information systems into identifiable taxonomies. The knowledge and retrieval processes are made easier by the arrangement. The company applies the Bukowitz Williams Model and ensures the availability and accessibility of company information. The availability is dependent on proper storage and the availability of effective intranet search engines. References Abdelrahman, M., Papamichail, K. N. (2016). The Role of Organizational Culture on Knowledge Sharing by Unsing KMS in MNC's. Northumbrial Research Link, 1-11. Al-Shammari, M. (2010). Knowledge Management in Emerging Economies: Social, Organizational and Cultural Implementation: Social, Organizational and Cultural Implementation. New York: IGI Global. Arisha, A., Ragab, M. (2013). Knowledge Management and Measurement: A Critical Review. DIT, 1-37. Assegaff, S., Hussin2, A. R. (2012). Review of Knowledge Management Systems Review of Knowledge Management Systems as Socio- As Socio-Technical System. Program Pasca Sarjana Magister Sistem Informasi, 1-6. Bhat, M. H., Shaffi, S. M. (2014). Taxonomies in Knowledge Organization-Need, Description, and Benefits. Annals of Library and Informative Studies, 102-111. Chang, C. L.-h., Lin, T. C. (2015). The role of organizational culture in the knowledge management process. Journal of Knowledge Management, 433-455. Chmielewska-Muciek, D., Sitko-Lutek, A. (2013). Organizational Culture Conditions for Knowledge Management. Make Learn, 1363-1370. Retrieved from https://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-463.pdf Expert System Semantic Intelligencee. (2017, 4 16). Knowledge management applications: from nice to have to must haveKnowledge management applications: from nice to have to must have. Retrieved from Expert System Semantic Intelligencee: https://www.expertsystem.com/knowlExpert System Semantic Intelligenceeedge-management-applications/ Frost, A. (0212, 4 4). Three KM Models. Retrieved from Knowledge Management Tools: https://www.knowledge-management-tools.net/three-km-models.html Frost, A. (2017, 4 16). Knowledge Management. Retrieved from Knowledge Management Tools: https://www.knowledge-management-tools.net/ Gunasekeran, A., Ngai, E. W. (2007). Knowledge management in 21st century manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 2391-2418. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207540601020429 Haslinda, A., Sarinah, A. (2009). A Review of Knowledge Management Models. The Journal of International Social Research, 187-198. Ibrahim, S. (2012, 4 26). Knowledge management in manufacturing. Retrieved from Slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/Management-Thinking/knowledge-management-in-manufacturing Leask, M., Lee, C., Milner, T., Norton, M., Rathod, D. (2008). knowledge management tools and techniques:. IDeA, 1-45. Matayong, S., Mahmood, A. K. (2013). The review of approaches to knowledge management system studies. Journal of Knowledge Management, 472-490. Omotayo, F. O. (2015). Knowledge Management as an important tool in Organisational Management: A Review of Literature. Library Philosophy and Practice, 1-24. Pee, L. G., Kankanhalli, A. (2010). A Model of Organizational Knowledge Management Maturity based on People, Process, and Technology. Journal of Information Knowledge Management , 1-37. Ravi S. Sharma, S. F., Morales-Arroyo, M. (2008). Developing Corporate Taxonomies for Knowledge Auditability A framework for good practices . Knowledge Organization, 1-21. Ruiz, P. A., Kamsu-Foguem, B., Noyes, D. (2013). Knowledge reuse integrating the collaboration from experts in industrial maintenance management. Knowledge-Based Systems, 171186. Vasconcelos, J. B., Kimbleb, C., Carreteiro, P., Rocha, . (2017). The application of knowledge management to software evolution. International Journal of Information Management, 14991506.